Post War Cultural Revolution in the UK

Post War Cultural Revolution in the UK The Emergence of the Teenager Consumer in the 1950’s A turning point in history the post-war cultural revolution gave rise to one of the most interesting and powerful phenomenon of that time: the youth subculture. Supported by an uprising economic and cultural change, the teenagers of the 1950’s, left their mark in history by being the ones that turned away from tradition and started their own culture. Influenced by American style, film and music, British youngsters created a world where they could do anything they wanted because they had everything: they had the money, they had the time, and everything around them was built to fit their desires and pleasures. Nothing was going to stop them having the time of their lives. The Youthquake Osgerby explains that â€Å"youthquake is a phrase charged with connotations of deep-seated generational upheaval†. It is a term coined by cultural commentators like Richard Neville, Kenneth Leech or Peter Lewis in the 1970’s. Apparently, the term â€Å"youthquake† was used to describe â€Å"the seismic transformations (†¦) occurring in young people lives during the 1950’s and 1960’s† (Osgerby, 2004: 16). Since the World War Two ended, cultural changed divided the world into â€Å"two generational armed camps† (Neville, 1970: 13, cited in Osgerby 2004: 16) and Leech (1973:1) believed that the 1950’s had been â€Å"supremely the decade of the teenager† since youth culture became such an international phenomenon through the rise in â€Å"commercial interest in both the textile and recording industries†. However, rather than being a total shock and break with the past, the youthquake had some early signs. The mass entertainment industry emerged in the Victorian Era, ready for the urban working class which had been gradually extending their income and leisure time (Osgerby, 2004: 17). A visible consumer group of this period were the working youngsters, who, with their spending power, laid the base â€Å"for an embryonic youth leisure market† (Osgerby, 2004: 17). Young people had a healthy income and no family responsibilities therefore there were â€Å"better off than at almost any other age and could afford to go out and enjoy themselves† (Springhall 1980: 89 cited in Osgerby, 2004: 17) An estimative study by David Fowler shows that between the wars youth’s money wages rose between 300% and 500%. Because of their lack of responsibilities, youngsters could retain almost 50% of their earnings which means that they enjoyed a higher standard of living than the rest of the family. â€Å"A commentator in Manchester described how a nineteen year old semi-skilled youth employed in a an iron factory could earn a pound a week and, after surrendering twelve shillings to his parents for board, was free to spend the remainder on clothes, gambling and the music halls† (Osgerby, 1998: 6) Of course, these things increasingly attracted the attention of entrepreneurs and manufacturers who were planning of creating a youth market (Osgerby, 2004: 18). During the early 1920’s and 1930s â€Å"a hard-sell youth market† arose and cinemas, magazine publishers, dance halls and commercial music halls all started to make a profit from the spending power of the young workers (Fowler, 1995: 170 in Osgerby, 2004: 18). The rise of the commercial youth market has occurred well before the 1950’s and 1960’s. Osgerby explains that â€Å"by the end of the Victorian Era, on both sides of the Atlantic, manufacturers, advertisers and media industries were already tapping into young people’s spending power, the trend picking up momentum during the 1920’s and 1930’s† (2004: 19). Mort (1997, cited in Osgerby, 2004) states that Britain’s development as a modern consumer economy was slower compared to the US. If America has an economic growth during the war, Britain’s economy was â€Å"brought to its knees† after the Second World War which meant consumer spending had a hesitant development. Consequently, compared to the US, teenage consumerism developed slower in Britain. Nevertheless, the British youth market gradually came into its own (Osgerby, 2004: 26). During the 1950’s and 1960’s standards of living were boosted by full employment and a sustained rise in money wages. That is when everything started to come into shape. Teenagers as a consumer group – â€Å"SELLS LIKE TEEN SPIRIT† Osgerby (1998) states that â€Å"the characteristics that seemed to set youth apart as a distinct group were not their bio-psychological attributes, but their distinctive patterns of media use and practices of commodity consumption†. But how did these young people become such an important consumer group? Firstly, the post war era saw the so called â€Å"baby boom† which ensured a growth in the young population. The number of people aged under twenty increased from around three million in 1951 to just over 4 million in 1966 (Department of Employment, 1971: 206-207, cited in Osgerby, 2004). Just like in the United States, education expansion also helped youth in becoming a distinct social group. Secondly, throughout the 1950’s and 1960’s, during the economic boost, with the expansion of the consumer industries and reconfiguration of the traditional labour markets the levels of youth employment increased immensely. Consequently, with the growth of the teenagers spending power came the development of the youth market: cinemas, record companies, music halls, magazines, fashion houses and so on, all saw a huge expansion. Assisted by a new army of advertisers and marketers, the market started to sel l products geared to the teenagers’ pleasures and desires. (Osgerby, 2004: 9, 10) En entire entertainment industry emerged, interested only in catering for the urban working youth with expanding disposable income and leisure time. Everyday habits and tastes became simply consumer goods, and markets started to exploit them as much as they could. New products and services, new fashion styles, new consumer patterns emerged, â€Å"suggesting† the British new identities, desires and pleasure and how to live their metropolitan lives. By the late 1950’s, youth became known for and associated with spending per se. Mark Abrams’ market research shows that â€Å"young people, more than any other social group, has materially prospered since the war† (cited in Osgerby, 1998: 26) Youth subcultures adapted their styles from consumer objects, which was very shocking for critics of all political persuasions, since their cultural insubordination was â€Å"allied to a consumerism that touched a very un-British hedonism as it squandered its money on extravagant clothing, pop records, scooters, over-priced frothy coffee, motor bikes, drugs, clubs and attempts to create a perpetual weekend† (Chambers, 1986: 42) The American influence Post War reconstruction of Britain, was influenced by the expansive image of America and its industrial and cultural power. Since America was the most capitalist society in the world, it became the summation of all Britain’s fears of foreign, urban and commercial forces that would destroy the English â€Å"way of life† (Chambers, 1986: 36). The American way of life became an inspiration for the Brits, both culturally and in terms of material goods. The increased availability of cheap colour magazines â€Å"brought a proliferation of advertising for luxury commodities, much of it originating in America† (Jackson, online resource). Despite all the protests coming from cultural intellectuals such as Richard Hoggart (The uses of literacy, 1957) and Raymond Williams (Culture and Society, 1958) who feared that Americanization would be the end of British culture, Hollywood films, commercial television, glossy magazines and consumer goods was everything the British consumers could have ever wished for. Films portrayed the life that most British people just dreamed of. One of the most known and cited films of that time was â€Å"Rebel without a cause† (1955, directed by Nicholas Ray) starring James Dean. He played the role of a bored teenager with an affluent middle class life style. Even if he had his own car and a home filled with luxury consumer goods, â€Å"Jim Stark† the character of James Dean, was full of distress, anger and resentment. He quickly became a role model for most of the British teenagers. The unique position of post-war teenagers, physically almost adult yet excluded from adult roles and responsibilities, with considerable disposable cash, and familiar from early childhood with the products of modern mass media healthy, well-fed, and energetic, yet involved in less hard physical work than many of their ancestors this privileged, new position seemed merely to throw into sharp relief for them the limitation of their existence and to give them the opportunity to respond in new ways to these conditions. Music-use became one of the main chosen instruments of their response. (Dick, 1992) Young Brits started to turn away from their parents and the British tradition, creating their own cultural expression. Inspired by the early American rock’ n’ roll, and Hollywood films, they created a series of spectacular and distinctive British subcultures such as: The Teds –working class Londoners, around 1953 with distinguishable characteristics as – quiffs, Elvis, flick-knives, crepe soles, alcohol; The Mods –working class Londoners, around 1963 Jamaican – rudeboy / Italian style, US soul, purple hearts, The Small faces, scooters, amphetamines; Youth culture was full of contradictions: they had a strong desire to express their individuality but they were wearing the same clothes as their mates and they were rebelling against the capitalism that they were already slaves to. (Milestone, 1999) Conclusion British history and all its changes and turns was massively influenced by the two World Wars, but mostly by the Second World War which was, according to Osgerby (1998) â€Å"a decisive turning point in the nation’s social, economic and political life†. At the beginning of the 1950’s Britain was still exhausted, both financially and morally after years of war and its cities were still bombsites. However, it was in the 1950’s that Britain started to rise again, entering a period of increased wealth and freedom, and many of the old traditional structures began to be challenged, particularly by the young (online resources). The essay shows how the phenomenon of youth subculture and consumerism started quite early but peaked around the 1950’s, when economic, social and cultural developments provided the perfect environment. Influenced by American culture, the British teenagers created their own world, a world of music and motorcycles, of freedom and entertainment, where nothing was more important than being stylish and cool, and having things to show it. Bibliography Chambers, Iain (1986) Popular Culture, The Metropolitan Experience, London: Routledge Osgerby, Bill (1998) Youth in Britain since 1945, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Osgerby, Bill (2004) Youth Media, Abingdon: Routledge Online resources Katie Milestone ,The Guardian, Saturday 18 December 1999 http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1999/dec/18/weekend7.weekend5 as accessed on 4th Jan 2015 Andrew Jackson, Designing Britain 1945-1985 http://www.vads.ac.uk/learning/designingbritain/html/crd_cultrev.html as accessed on the 20th Dec 2014 http://britishrock.weebly.com/1-birth-of-teenage-culture-1950s-britian.html as accessed on the 20th Dec 2014 All the photos were saved from https://images.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl

A Day of Many Events

The day I was born, April 28, 1982 was a day of love, business and learning. While the (insert surname) family is happily waiting for the love child of (name of your parents), series of events was also happening. It was a day filled with many activities and a day of expectations. In Federal Agencies, reports were made from the Education Week about the public hearings on bilingual education. This happened on the day I was born, April 28, 1982, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., in the El Fauno Room of the Condado Beach Hotel, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Education Week). Meanwhile, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration released reports involving the astronauts Robert L. Gibson and Rhea Seddon about the good news of expecting the birth of their first child. It was indeed a much anticipated moment for the couple to have a baby of their own (Lawrence). World Bank History also made one historical event on the day I was born. The IFC (International Finance Corp.) and IDA (International Development Association) Articles of Agreement were signed by Saint Lucia, a Caribbean island nation. The small country became IFC’s 122nd member and IDA’s 130th member. It was a huge leap towards developing funds for the world (World Bank). Clearly, on the day when my mother gave birth to me, there were many events that occurred in history. It was a day of hope for the education system when public hearings were conducted for the proposed Bilingual Education System. It was also a day of happiness and expectation for an astronaut couple. It was also an important day in the history of World Bank, when Saint Lucia joined IFC and IDA. Meanwhile, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, my parents were happily expecting a special gift—they were excited to see one bouncing baby who will add happiness to our family. Indeed, April 28, 1982 was a day of hope, excitement, and fulfillment for my family and for the world. Works Cited Name of your mother, Personal Interview. 2 April 2008. â€Å"This Week in World Bank History: April 28 – May 4† 2008.† The World Bank Archives. Worldbank. April 2008    â€Å"In Federal Agencies.† Education Week. Edweek. 28 April 1982. 5 April 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lawrence, John. â€Å"Expectant Astronauts.† 1981-1983 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) News. NASA. 28 April 1982. 5 April 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The Pony Express - 1088 Words

In 1860, a mail carrying service called Central Overland California and Pike s Peak Express Company, although notorious as The Pony Express, was established by three business partners. It was a relay race on horses from station to station, carrying mail bags as they went. Being a dangerous job, it required the bravest and most experienced riders they could find. The founding of The Pony Express was a useful resource in delivering mail regardless of the struggles the riders faced, such as, Indians, weather conditions, and uncomfortable and dangerous terrain. Even though this was a short-lived creation, soon to be replaced by the Pacific Telegraph Line which provided faster communication, it was a brave, worthy, and effective effort.†¦show more content†¦Whether anyone ever knew who originated the idea to bring this service to America is anyone s guess, and simply remains as a matter of personal opinion. However, it was William H. Russell, and U.S. Senator William Gwen who actually discussed and put The Pony Express into operation (The Founders n.d.). Three business partners named William B. Waddell, Alexander Majors, and William H. Russell are the founders of The Pony Express. Personable, sophisticated, and politically astute, Russell went to Washington, D.C., to represent Russell, Majors and Waddell in the complex world of national politics. Majors, who was at home on the prairie and knew how to handle horses, oxen, heavy wagons, and unruly crews, managed the operation on the open range. The low-key, practical Waddell oversaw purchasing, hiring, payroll, and bookkeeping from the home office, which moved from Leavenworth, Kansas (where the company had been headquartered since 1855), to St. Joseph, Missouri, the eastern starting point for the Pony Express (Di Certo n.d.). And though the start of this service would be a grand success, the Indians, amongst other things as well, became a great struggle. The Indians attacked because they felt, well, threatened. They felt that the United States had overstepped their bounds, literally. Americans were coming and chopping down trees, trespassing on what the Indians claimed to be their territory and homeland. Many buffalo were killed byShow MoreRelatedThe Pony Express1516 Words   |  7 Pages In 1860, a mail carrying service called Central Overland California and Pike s Peak Express Company, more notoriously known as The Pony Express, was established by three business partners. It was a relay race on horses from station to station, carrying mail bags as they went. Being a dangerous job, it required the bravest and most experienced young riders they could find. The founding of The Pony Express was a useful resource in delivering mail regardless of the struggles the riders faced, suchRead MoreThe Pony Express1469 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pony Express was an extremely important event in history for three profoundly reasons. 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He had been a trapper, a bullwhacker, a Colorado Fifty-Niner, Pony Express rider (1860), wagonmaster, stagecoach driver, Civil War soldier, and even hotel manager. He earned his nickname for his skill while supplying Kansas Pacific Railroad workers with buffalo meat. He was about to embark on a career as one of the mostRead MoreTechnology Advances in Antebellum America1976 Words   |  8 Pagesthese advances helped the United States grow and prosper. Communication was now possible from the most populated to the least populated areas of the country. Telegraph wires stretched from north to south and east to west. The introduction of the Pony Express allowed the physical movement of mail from the east to as far west as California and as far No rth as Wyoming. Transportation was at its heyday, via water, rail or land, people moved across the country faster than any other time in history. ThisRead More The OSI Model and The Pony Express Essay example2857 Words   |  12 PagesThe OSI Model and The Pony Express The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is essential to the world of computer networking. The model was created in 1977 by the International Standards Committee, in response to a difficulty that was facing computer networkers at the time (Shelly, Cashman, and Serwatka 142). In order to understand the difficulty, one must first realize that computer networks consist of computer hardware, the software that is to be used in conjunction with this

Female And Female Offenders Women Behind Prison Walls...

The initial thought of Kerman towards such women behind prison walls were emotionally unstable or evil manipulators that were naturally deviant. Female offenders were negatively portrayed as inherently deviant was by news and media (Easteal, Bartels, Nelson, Holland, 2015; Cecil, 2007). Because of these damaging images, the general public is often led to believe that female offenders are born criminals. Instead of focusing on the negative depictions of female offending, there should be a focus on why female offends and how their offending is different to men. According to Merton’s strain theory, individuals are taught to achieve the same goals within their culture but denied the equal access or opportunities to legitimately obtain these goals. As a result of the war on drugs, the number of female head-of-households were forced to increase as primary caretakers of dependent children (Ryder and Brisgone, 2013). Thus, survival meant going above and beyond legal means to gain economic benefits. Because of their economic strain that left women at a disadvantage, particularly those of color, they were likely to serve as prostitutes or drug mules to support their family (Brennan, Chesney-Lind, Vanderberg, Wulf-Ludden, 2015; Moe, 2006). The war on drugs also meant the war on women as many were targeted for their involvement in drug offenses (Moe, 2006). While many of the characters in Orange is the New Black were economically motivated to achieve their goals throughShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pag esDifferences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics 90 An Exercise for Identifying Aspects of Personal

Police Brutality Is A Big Problem, Not Only In The Usa,

Police brutality is a big problem, not only in the USA, but also around the world. There have been lots of effort to change this, from police departments to governments, to communities. One such effort has been the addition of body-worn cameras to the uniforms of police officers, in order to enforce accountability. This makes it so that, if there were a controversial case questioning whether the force displayed by an officer was warranted or not, there would be a video of the encounter, which is often more reliable evidence than the word of an officer or civilian. Despite the cost, mandating body-worn cameras for on-duty officers would benefit everyone involved, since there would be far less room for false or inaccurate claims made by†¦show more content†¦Several studies, such as those done by Barak Ariel, et al. have demonstrated a very strong connection between the use of body-worn cameras and reduction of complaints (Ariel et al., â€Å"The Effect†) (Ariel, et al., â€Å"Contagious...†). There is also an argument to be made for the relationship between the police and their communities. If the departments invest in things that make the public feel safer, such as body-worn cameras, then they will in turn be safer, as their communities will not feel threatened by their presence, but protected. There is also the other side of accountability. The use of body-worn cameras on police officers will enforce accountability for civilians as well. Being on camera, citizens will be motivated to behave more cooperatively, since any wrongdoing they commit will be instantaneously recorded. When â€Å"socially and morally unacceptable acts are less likely to occur† (Ariel et al., â€Å"The Effect†¦Ã¢â‚¬  511). This is evident in studies that have been conducted. Studies demonstrate that the use of body-worn cameras significantly reduce any kind of force used by police officers during civilian encounters. Conjointly, police wearing body-wor n cameras also significantly reduce citizen noncompliance during civilian encounters (Ariel et al., â€Å"The Effect†¦Ã¢â‚¬  510). These findings strongly suggest that although many think that body-worn cameras are only effective for motivatedShow MoreRelatedPolice Enforcement And The Minority Community Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesThe power of authority allowed police officers to use brutality on many people, which turned out to be a problem to many Americans. Why do officer’s do this? 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They can follow all their public social platforms like Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook, so they can f eel like they are a part of that athlete’s life every day. With the availability of a player to a fan like that it would be easy for a young person to see not only how well they are performing, but also what they didRead MoreCode For Accountability For Renegade Police Officers3236 Words   |  13 Pagesfamily can call the police or use other means for protection. But what could a person do, be that man or a woman, if he/she is a victim of crime committed by law enforcement officers? Any resistance will only be met with further escalation of physical and emotional punishment in addition to criminal charges that will surely follow that person in courts. There is no use to cry for help because nobody has the authority to fight police. 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According to the investigation done by the DEA and U.N officials â€Å"Mexican cartels have established command - and - control centers

Cohesion policy good and bad practices Free Essays

Introduction: Lithuania (along with the other Baltics) is the success story of EIJ structural fund absorption. Bulgaria (along with Romania) is the worst performer. Lithuania has contracted projects for 87% (‚Â ¬6_4 billion) of available funds as of November 2012 and paid out 54% (‚Â ¬4 billion) to beneficiaries. We will write a custom essay sample on Cohesion policy good and bad practices or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bulgaria absorbed only ‚Â ¬2 billion of an available ‚Â ¬9. 5 billion between 2007 and 2011. Key factors affecting absorption capacity of structural funds: I _ Use of pre-accesslon funds 2 Political will 3. wealth/polltlcal legitimacy of regions . Human resources 5. Knowledge of available funds 6. corruption and transparency 7. r Is It Just a question of TIME (and size)? Bulgaria: Joined EU in 2007 having spent very little ot its pre-accession aid. Multiple corruption and transparency scandals: tunds are withheld and projects are delayed. Change ot government in July 2009 with creation ot new administrative units to handle structural funds. The quality of human resources is low in regional/municipal administrations: 4% speak English, the same people used for planning as for valuation, 201 1 sees improvements: 27 municipal information centres set up, number of prosecutions over misappropriation of funds increasing (but the absorption rate slightly lower than 2010). Lithuania: ELI member since May 2004. Population 3. 2 million compared to Bulgaria’s 7. 5 million. Flexible economy: experienced rapid growth before the 2009 crisis (with help of pre-accesslon fundsL and rebounded relatively quickly after huge contraction. In 2004-06 priority was accorded to spending EIJ money according to all rules and procedures. Start of 007-2013 programming period absorption rate was similar to EUIO average (approx. 45%) How to cite Cohesion policy good and bad practices, Papers

Introduction to Human Resource Management for Negative Work

Question: Describe about the Introduction to Human Resource Management for Negative Work. Answer: Introduction: This study focuses on the impact of the negative work culture on the workers and significance of the human resource management (HRM) to overcome the negativity in working environment. It has been found that employees can get depressed if they face demotivation continuously; hence this study can help to understand the approaches, taken by HRM of an organization, to reduce the negative working culture. Human resource function: Human resource management synchronizes between different fields of a firm.It involves numerous strategic approach to maintain the coordination between employer and employees. On Staffing: Staffing is the primary requirement for any organization; thus, HRM must undergo scrutiny on the staffs and monitor their behavior, thinking and opinions as negativity from an employee can affect the entire team and their productivity (Hendry, 2012). Training and development: Training can increase the expertise of an employee whereas development of the employees always motivates them to give the highest outcome (Kehoe Wright, 2013). The development also helps to assess the opinions of the employees so that further step can be taken to prohibit any negative activity, that can arise due to the demotivation of the employees. Performance management: Performance management can involve reward recognition along with scaling of the performances of each employee. The best performer can be rewarded whereas the worst performer can be suggested for the developmental session. Compensation: Compensation can involve different backgrounds such as employees should require the compensation if the authorities have violated health and security acts or they have failed to provide the salary of the employee on time. Another aspect of compensating an employee is if he is forced to take the retirement against his will or the valid period. Compensating the employees sufficiently always reduce the rising of any disappointment and negative impression towards the company (Bratton Gold, 2012) Industrial relation: HRM must follow the industrial relations that also concern the v employment relationship. HRM associates are required to coordinate between these multidisciplinary fields. Occupational safety and health: HRM must make every necessary action ensure that employees are following the safety rules in their workplace while they can approach the authority to cooperate with the employees to give priority to the health and safety of the employees. HRM can avoid the negativity among employees if there are fewer occupational hazards present for the employees in the workplace (Cooper, Liu Tarba, 2014). Conclusion: Therefore, this assignment is relevant to understand the functional aspect of HRM. It has covered the impact of HRM on many dimensions of an organization those are essential to sustain over the negative practice in business. Reference list: Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012).Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan.. Cooper, C. L., Liu, Y., Tarba, S. Y. (2014). Resilience, HRM practices and impact on organizational performance and employee well-being: International Journal of Human Resource Management 2015 Special Issue.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(17), 2466-2471. Hendry, C. (2012).Human resource management. Routledge. Kehoe, R. R., Wright, P. M. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of management,39(2), 366-391.