Experiences of Divorced Women versus Divorced Men Essay Example

Experiences of Divorced Women versus Divorced Men Essay Marital divorce can be a very painful experience for both the parties. But it can affect the genders in quite different ways. It is a well known fact that divorce rates in advanced nations are quite high compared to that of developing and under-developed nations. The United States and Europe have gained notoriety for their very high divorce rates. Divorce rates are far lesser in much of the rest of the world. But across various cultures, societies remain stratified in terms of gender, â€Å"with women having less economic, political, and social power than men. Because gender differences are constructed and reflected in daily interaction, the experience of marriage is quite different for men and women. The same is likely to be true of divorce.† (Amato, 2004, p.207) It then becomes interesting to look at how divorce affects the two genders. The following passages will argue that despite conventional notions about divorce being more traumatic for women than men, in realit y both genders have an equally tough time of it, albeit in different areas. Firstly, statistics released by U.S. Census Bureau shows that while divorce rates hovered around the 2 percent mark during the 1980s, it has shot up to more than 15 percent currently. One should remember that this statistic excludes those people who remarried again. So, if divorce were to be counted even if the current marital status has changed, then a mind-boggling 60 percent of American adults have gone through this painful event in their lives. But since in advanced societies women tend to be economically independent, they are better able to handle the period post divorce than women in the rest of the world. That women are able to handle the crisis is not to say that their standard of living does not fall. Statistics point out that the responsibility of rearing children can sap away financial resources of the woman, although the ones getting regular alimony stand a better chance of sailing through the crisis. Also, compared to recently divorced men, recently divorced women have less labor force experience, putting them at a disadvantage in availing of job opportunities. (Amato, 2004, p.207) Public support for divorced mothers are also limited, at best offering modest help for a short period of time. As a result of this condition, most divorced women think that the only sustainable solution to their problems is through remarriage, which they usually do within a few years of divorce. Of course, in the case of men, there is no noticeable decrease in their standards of living post divorce. We will write a custom essay sample on Experiences of Divorced Women versus Divorced Men specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Experiences of Divorced Women versus Divorced Men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Experiences of Divorced Women versus Divorced Men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Social adjustment is another area where the genders fare differently. Social acceptance of divorce is gaining ground steadily and today there is less stigma attached to the idea of divorce. But at the same time, in the period following a divorce both men and women are experiencing decreased social support and companionship. This is particularly true if they have custody of children. It is also learnt that there are common problems faced by both divorced men and women: â€Å"Between employment, household management, and child care, single parents have little time left over for establishing and maintaining social networks. Also, divorced people often find that they have less in common with married friends. In addition, whereas married people can draw on the spouse’s family for assistance and companionship, divorced individuals typically find that former in-laws withdraw over time. Furthermore, divorced people have a high level of residential mobility which tends to disrupt relationships with neighbors, friends, and community organizations. Overall, divorced and separated individuals report smaller social networks and less social support than do married individuals.† (Amato, 2004, p.208) There is also the important aspect of psychological adjustment post divorce. Divorce can be an emotionally upheaving event and can entail acute emotional distress. Older studies have shown that women are more psychologically affected compared to men, although there are instances of exception to this rule. Also, women are more likely to suffer from psychosomatic symptoms, mental depression, and overall unhappiness during the period of marital disruption. But they slowly and steadily regain their normal levels of happiness and wellbeing within two years of divorce. Newer studies, on the other hand, add a new dimension to the analysis, namely that of the ‘process initiator. In other words, who initiated the divorce process is also an important factor in determining psychological wellbeing post divorce. Those women who took the initiative to press for divorce, bounced back more quickly than others. Men, on the other hand, seem to have a tougher time of it, showing inadequat e adjustment and increased morbidity. Moreover, since women usually win the custody of children, they find fulfilment in their parental role. And the deprivation of the same makes men prone to depression. (Sheets Braver, 1996, p.337) Divorce settlements are another area where the experiences of the genders differ. Since men are expected to be the breadwinners of the family and usually earn more than women, it would be intuitive to believe that they would be satistfied with divorce settlements. But contrary to this commonly-held belief, â€Å"Women indicate greater satisfaction with custody, visitation, financial (excepting child support), and property settlements. Three explanations for these results are explored. The findings suggest that it is a perceived inequitable process, rather than a perceived inequitable outcome, that most contributes to dissatisfaction with a final divorce decree.† (Sheets Braver, 1996, p.338) Finally, a key area where gender responses to divorce differs is mortality. Studies indicate that men’s relative mortality ratio after divorce is significantly higher than women’s. Beyond the value of such a disparity within the academic, the phenomenon is a genuine cause for concern for psychologists and marriage cousellors. (Hemstrom, 1996, p.266) Several recent studies have identified a link between marriage dissolution and mortality. â€Å"When socioeconomic status group, labor force status, and children in the household were added to the intensity regression, the excess mortality found among those groups that had experienced marriage dissolution decreased but did not disappear. Thus, part of this excess mortality rate is due to lower socioeconomic status, low labor force participation, and fewer children in the household among those who have experienced marriage dissolution. This applies especially to men.† (Hemstrom, 1996, p.266) People who remarried (of both genders) had a higher rate of mortality compared to those who never experienced divorce. This suggests that divorce can make an individual vulnerable to chronic health problems (some of them even terminal illnesses). â€Å"The fact that men often become involved in the divorce process at a later stage than women might lead to a stronger reaction immediately after divorce and may result in higher rates of sick leave, increased alcohol consumption, and negative health effects. Unskilled workers are the ones most likely to lose their jobs in such situations. Similarly, divorced women who do not participate in the labor force seem to experience stress or hardships that strongly affect their survival chances.† (Hemstrom, 1996, p.266) In conclusion, both men and women face an array of issues and transition problems in the period after divorce. While women were previously believed to be the worser affected of the two parties, greater financial independence and political emancipation had alleviated some of their problems. That women have custody of children also helps them in moving on from the trauma. And contrary to popular beliefs, men are particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of divorce, especially if they are from low socio-economic background. While men gain in terms of standard of living, they also exhibit higher mortality rates as a divorcee. This further strenghens the thesis that both genders face formidable challenges in their lives as divorcees. Bibliography: Amato, Paul R. â€Å"The Impact of Divorce on Men and Women in India and the United States.† Journal of Comparative Family Studies 25.2 (2004): 207+. Hemstrom, Orjan. â€Å"Is Marriage Dissolution Linked to Differences in Mortality Risks for Men and Women?.† Journal of Marriage and the Family 58.2 (1996): 366+. Lyons, Angela C., and Jonathan Fisher. â€Å"Gender Differences in Debt Repayment Problems after Divorce.† Journal of Consumer Affairs 40.2 (2006): 324+. Sheets, Virgil L., and Sanford L. Braver. â€Å"Gender Differences in Satisfaction with Divorce Settlements.† Family Relations 45.3 (1996): 336+.

buy custom First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America essay

buy custom First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America essay The 1st Amendment refers to the adjustments and reviews that were first done to the Constitution of the United States of America. The most conspicuous and outstanding aspect of the 1st Amendment was the enormous power, rights and freedoms that it vested on the citizens of the United States of America. Commonly known as the Bill of Rights, this 1st adjustment is recognized as one of the best document especially because of the extent to which its legislation resulted into individual entitlement to human and civil rights in the United States of America. The 1st Amendment to the Constitution of United States of America has been used as a reference material by many countries across the globe which is at the verge of realizing internal democracy and institutional reforms. The most intriguing aspect of the 1st Amendment is thus the fact that it enhanced entitlement of freedom of speech and expression and freedom to assemble in the Supreme document of the land. Before the amendment, the citizens of the United States of America suffered human rights violations in industries, and institutional structures such as the Criminal Justice System. With its passage, the 1st Amendment empowered the citizens to petition the state on issues revolving around human rights, freedoms and dignity. This included the rights of the citizens of the United States of America to petition the government to uphold the rule of law and to genuinely address the grievances of the people. The Bill of Rights as provided for in the 1st Amendment interestingly gave the American people significant level of power including that of petitioning the government to ensure provision and protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the people. With its passage, the 1st Amendment marked the beginning of political, economic and socio-cultural emancipation of the American people from repressive forces in the governance structures of the United States. In conclusion, the 1st Amendment to the Constitution of the United States was peculiar in the manner in which it provided Constitutional insulation against violation of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the American people. Buy custom First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America essay

Uses for Bleach and Vinegar

Uses for Bleach and Vinegar Mixing vinegar and bleach strengthens the cleaning and disinfecting properties of the chemicals, yet it also produces toxic vapors. Do you mix vinegar and bleach for specific purposes? If so, what is your use of the mixture? These are answers and experiences submitted by readers. NEVER AGAIN !!!! I was dumping out dirty water from the mop bucket into my shower drain didnt think anything of it . I was quick to pour water and bleach in the bucket and completely forgot vinegar was leftover and voila, a coughing fit burning eyes. Mind you I live in an old house, so there isnt much ventilation but I have all the doors and windows open to no avail. Its effects are horrible   cant get the smell out of my nose and the light headedness. - annon The devil is in the dilution At alkaline pH values of about 8.5 or higher, more than 90% of the bleach is in the form of the chlorite ion (OCl-), which is relatively ineffective antimicrobially. At acidic pH values of about 6.8 or lower, more than 80% of the bleach is in the form of hypochlorite (HOCl). HOCl is about 80 to 200 times more antimicrobial than OCl-. - googleit Vinegar Bleach Cleaner Mix one-gallon water with 2 oz. bleach and 2 oz. vinegar in a spray bottle; the most effective disinfectant cleaner for counters, floors, sinks, etc. and helps prevent fruit flies. - Keyna Welenc Bleach IS an acid! DANGER! Chlorine bleach contains sodium hypochlorite or NaOCl. Because bleach is Sodium hypochlorite in water, the sodium hypochlorite in bleach actually exists as hypochlorous acid: I worked calibrating chlorine detectors. And if you mix Bleach with vinegar it produces chlorine gas! It is deadly and should NOT be done under any circumstance! A danger to life article here cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/intridl4.html also see: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/832336-overview - DayoIII Bleach is not an acid. Bleach is not an acid, it is a strong base. adding vinegar WILL lower the pH, but since bleach has a HIGH pH, adding vinegar will only neutralize it. Another use for mixing vinegar with bleach is to create a strong oxidizing chemical, used to turn (for example) steel wool into iron oxide (Fe2O3), used for color pigments, or chemistry experiments. - Professor good to know! these are good things to know! especially being someone who is just starting to live on my own and not living in the nicest places that are available. Getting rid of the mold and smells are important, but not that important. My go-to chemical is straight up comet bleach. It worked for my grandmother and my mother and it works for me! Less risk of dangerous fumes than mixing or the liquid since it is powder form. - CHEM II Student Good God! - It Wasnt a Miracle Cleaner I believe the miracle is that I am still alive and breathing! because about 4 hours ago I mixed up a large amount 1/1 mix of bleach /vinegar the only time in my life desperately seeking an inexpensive solution to molds/parasites in a large outdoor aviary/cage which also houses a small shop that I spend a great deal of time with my cat in. He just came in from the area the l was sizzling. Will he be OK? I did it to protect him from potentially harmful spores/ect.. but what have I done! Im so worried about him the tiny little fellow! and what happens when it rains tonight does it start reacting again. Or should I rinse well w/garden hose or should I avoid re-wetting it, I even bent down closer to the ground watching it react ! and observed for at least 1/2 hr? yeeeeeps! stupid girl!. I cant tell if my throat /chest hurts or not I think maybe yes or my worried imagination? - Judy still suffering I was cleaning a rather old shower, still had the stainless steel base. I spray sellys 3 min mold cleaner on the shower walls and polaris stainless steel cleaner on the base. I left it to work for 3 mins then went in and scrubbed the base, as i did this my eyes started burning and coughing.I didnt know that the two cleaners where reacting, just thinking the bleach was rather strong. it wasnt until i got home 3 - 4 hrs later my husband said Id inhaled chloric gases given off from the two products. I rang the poison center and was told to flush the eyes for 15 mins and go to the local hospital. I flushed my eyes but didnt go to the hospital. 2 weeks later Im still suffering from acute sinus and headaches. Do not underestimate the dangers of bleach. - Kiwi I almost died Today I was cleaning my kitchen floor with vinegar and liquid dishwashing detergent. I scrubbed the floor and still could not get all the stains out. Thought Id use a little bit of bleach. Boy! It was like the vinegar potentiated the odor of the bleach (now I know the chlorine gas was released). I was coughing, entire airway irritated. Felt close to losing consciousness and struggled to get kitchen windows open. I did, but I was just to overcome. Left the kitchen and went upstairs. Opened up 3 more windows and just could not get myself straight. Its been about 4 hours since the incident. My airway is still irritated and Wheezing is audible, and I consider myself stupid but alive. I have always respected bleach but just didnt appreciate that household vinegar could react with it with such dire consequences. - Brenda Outdoor Nastiness I use it to clear up mold and mildew on the patio. The fumes arent a problem outside and it does a number on discolored yuckiness outdoors. - CleanGirl

Expectancy violations theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Expectancy violations theory - Research Paper Example In the context of communication, different theorists have developed their own opinions regarding functionality and definition of communication. Each theory is able to formulate unique viewpoints and thus making people aware about various aspects of communication. One such important theory in the field of communication is Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) (Burgoon et al., 1989). With this concern, this research paper discusses about various aspects of EVT by taking into concern its key concept, assumptions and major components. Moreover, the purpose of the research paper is to develop a worldview perspective and also to analyze the theory on the basis of Griffin’s standards. Theory Summary EVT has been developed by Judee Burgoon which concentrates on determining the importance of nonverbal communication. This theory establishes the significance of nonverbal messages and information processing for forming effective communication. The core concept of the theory is ‘persona l space’ expectations and reaction of people who breach the concept of expectation. ‘Personal space’ can differ on the basis of cultural standards and personal preferences. At times, violating the expectations with respect to personal space is considered as an effective strategy of communication (Burgoon et al., 1989). According to EVT theory, communication is the exchange of information which is considerably high in interpersonal content and can be used to interrupt the expectations of another. The expectations are mainly based on social customs and specific individualities of communicators. Further, the violation of expectations can encourage and force the recipients for making cognitive assessment of such act (Burgoon et al., 1989). EVT model suggests that nonverbal actions of others are adjudicated as communicators by senders along with receivers having certain expectancy. Violation of these expectations can intensify the salience of thoughts regarding the co rrespondents’ behaviour. There are five core components of EVT namely expectations, violations and stimulation, ‘communicator reward valence’, behaviour analysis and violation valence. EVT model tries to forecast and clarify fatal communication outcome such as desirability and encouragement along with macro level exchange patterns. According to EVT model, expectations comprise intellectual, emotional and conative elements that basically functions in the form of social customs and known characteristics of individuals. Burgoon also perceived that expectancies are subjected towards communicators’ characteristics, relationship and context. The context of EVT theory is based on culture and setting. On the other hand, relationship is dependent on liking and social status of people (Cleland, 2010). Concerning the aspects of violation and simulation, if a communicating individual violates the expectations by a certain degree, then this might strengthen the percept ion of the person who became violated. If such violation occurs in an organisational environment, for example, between managers and subordinates, the level of violation can cause the subordinates to pursue the reason for violation of the relationship. The ‘communicator reward valence’ can be duly considered as a primary component of EVT model, wherein the valence of violations can be

Advanced Fire Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Advanced Fire Administration - Essay Example This is because of the increase in population attributed to the dynamic nature of it and also the issue of developmental growth. Every city is expected to show some growth, and this growth must be maintained and planned parallel. In the first part of the paper, an overview is sampled on what is expected in five to ten years based on an expert view. The main objective of the paper is to evaluate how and the measures that are put in place during planning; these facts have a direct impact on how the city will be able to respond to disaster in the future. Also, to show how the administrative body will ensure infrastructures that are coming up are abiding to the planning regulation. Planning is the most essential element of any development, proper planning focus on the future outcome and incorporates the concept of growth, a city cannot remain static it must be dynamic either negatively or positively. Use of proper planning tools is essential because bad planning always leads to disorganised results that conflict with each other. The person that I interviewed is a county planner, his works entails planning for the future and he gave me an overview of what is expected in 5 to 10 years to come. A proper planner should focus on the future rather than the immediate situation. Population is dynamic and would not remain the same as today therefore in about five to ten years to come, the number of people living per square kilometre will have increased and so the urge of new resources. The current resources cannot be able to serve the number that was available at that time, so need to keep changing resources as the demand will go higher. Different measure has been incorporated that relate to fire management in case of a disaster. One of the measures that have been addressed in the plan is buying and upgrading the number of capabilities of fire responses. The higher the population the more the administrative body requires necessary

Post War Cultural Revolution in the UK

Post War Cultural Revolution in the UK The Emergence of the Teenager Consumer in the 1950’s A turning point in history the post-war cultural revolution gave rise to one of the most interesting and powerful phenomenon of that time: the youth subculture. Supported by an uprising economic and cultural change, the teenagers of the 1950’s, left their mark in history by being the ones that turned away from tradition and started their own culture. Influenced by American style, film and music, British youngsters created a world where they could do anything they wanted because they had everything: they had the money, they had the time, and everything around them was built to fit their desires and pleasures. Nothing was going to stop them having the time of their lives. The Youthquake Osgerby explains that â€Å"youthquake is a phrase charged with connotations of deep-seated generational upheaval†. It is a term coined by cultural commentators like Richard Neville, Kenneth Leech or Peter Lewis in the 1970’s. Apparently, the term â€Å"youthquake† was used to describe â€Å"the seismic transformations (†¦) occurring in young people lives during the 1950’s and 1960’s† (Osgerby, 2004: 16). Since the World War Two ended, cultural changed divided the world into â€Å"two generational armed camps† (Neville, 1970: 13, cited in Osgerby 2004: 16) and Leech (1973:1) believed that the 1950’s had been â€Å"supremely the decade of the teenager† since youth culture became such an international phenomenon through the rise in â€Å"commercial interest in both the textile and recording industries†. However, rather than being a total shock and break with the past, the youthquake had some early signs. The mass entertainment industry emerged in the Victorian Era, ready for the urban working class which had been gradually extending their income and leisure time (Osgerby, 2004: 17). A visible consumer group of this period were the working youngsters, who, with their spending power, laid the base â€Å"for an embryonic youth leisure market† (Osgerby, 2004: 17). Young people had a healthy income and no family responsibilities therefore there were â€Å"better off than at almost any other age and could afford to go out and enjoy themselves† (Springhall 1980: 89 cited in Osgerby, 2004: 17) An estimative study by David Fowler shows that between the wars youth’s money wages rose between 300% and 500%. Because of their lack of responsibilities, youngsters could retain almost 50% of their earnings which means that they enjoyed a higher standard of living than the rest of the family. â€Å"A commentator in Manchester described how a nineteen year old semi-skilled youth employed in a an iron factory could earn a pound a week and, after surrendering twelve shillings to his parents for board, was free to spend the remainder on clothes, gambling and the music halls† (Osgerby, 1998: 6) Of course, these things increasingly attracted the attention of entrepreneurs and manufacturers who were planning of creating a youth market (Osgerby, 2004: 18). During the early 1920’s and 1930s â€Å"a hard-sell youth market† arose and cinemas, magazine publishers, dance halls and commercial music halls all started to make a profit from the spending power of the young workers (Fowler, 1995: 170 in Osgerby, 2004: 18). The rise of the commercial youth market has occurred well before the 1950’s and 1960’s. Osgerby explains that â€Å"by the end of the Victorian Era, on both sides of the Atlantic, manufacturers, advertisers and media industries were already tapping into young people’s spending power, the trend picking up momentum during the 1920’s and 1930’s† (2004: 19). Mort (1997, cited in Osgerby, 2004) states that Britain’s development as a modern consumer economy was slower compared to the US. If America has an economic growth during the war, Britain’s economy was â€Å"brought to its knees† after the Second World War which meant consumer spending had a hesitant development. Consequently, compared to the US, teenage consumerism developed slower in Britain. Nevertheless, the British youth market gradually came into its own (Osgerby, 2004: 26). During the 1950’s and 1960’s standards of living were boosted by full employment and a sustained rise in money wages. That is when everything started to come into shape. Teenagers as a consumer group – â€Å"SELLS LIKE TEEN SPIRIT† Osgerby (1998) states that â€Å"the characteristics that seemed to set youth apart as a distinct group were not their bio-psychological attributes, but their distinctive patterns of media use and practices of commodity consumption†. But how did these young people become such an important consumer group? Firstly, the post war era saw the so called â€Å"baby boom† which ensured a growth in the young population. The number of people aged under twenty increased from around three million in 1951 to just over 4 million in 1966 (Department of Employment, 1971: 206-207, cited in Osgerby, 2004). Just like in the United States, education expansion also helped youth in becoming a distinct social group. Secondly, throughout the 1950’s and 1960’s, during the economic boost, with the expansion of the consumer industries and reconfiguration of the traditional labour markets the levels of youth employment increased immensely. Consequently, with the growth of the teenagers spending power came the development of the youth market: cinemas, record companies, music halls, magazines, fashion houses and so on, all saw a huge expansion. Assisted by a new army of advertisers and marketers, the market started to sel l products geared to the teenagers’ pleasures and desires. (Osgerby, 2004: 9, 10) En entire entertainment industry emerged, interested only in catering for the urban working youth with expanding disposable income and leisure time. Everyday habits and tastes became simply consumer goods, and markets started to exploit them as much as they could. New products and services, new fashion styles, new consumer patterns emerged, â€Å"suggesting† the British new identities, desires and pleasure and how to live their metropolitan lives. By the late 1950’s, youth became known for and associated with spending per se. Mark Abrams’ market research shows that â€Å"young people, more than any other social group, has materially prospered since the war† (cited in Osgerby, 1998: 26) Youth subcultures adapted their styles from consumer objects, which was very shocking for critics of all political persuasions, since their cultural insubordination was â€Å"allied to a consumerism that touched a very un-British hedonism as it squandered its money on extravagant clothing, pop records, scooters, over-priced frothy coffee, motor bikes, drugs, clubs and attempts to create a perpetual weekend† (Chambers, 1986: 42) The American influence Post War reconstruction of Britain, was influenced by the expansive image of America and its industrial and cultural power. Since America was the most capitalist society in the world, it became the summation of all Britain’s fears of foreign, urban and commercial forces that would destroy the English â€Å"way of life† (Chambers, 1986: 36). The American way of life became an inspiration for the Brits, both culturally and in terms of material goods. The increased availability of cheap colour magazines â€Å"brought a proliferation of advertising for luxury commodities, much of it originating in America† (Jackson, online resource). Despite all the protests coming from cultural intellectuals such as Richard Hoggart (The uses of literacy, 1957) and Raymond Williams (Culture and Society, 1958) who feared that Americanization would be the end of British culture, Hollywood films, commercial television, glossy magazines and consumer goods was everything the British consumers could have ever wished for. Films portrayed the life that most British people just dreamed of. One of the most known and cited films of that time was â€Å"Rebel without a cause† (1955, directed by Nicholas Ray) starring James Dean. He played the role of a bored teenager with an affluent middle class life style. Even if he had his own car and a home filled with luxury consumer goods, â€Å"Jim Stark† the character of James Dean, was full of distress, anger and resentment. He quickly became a role model for most of the British teenagers. The unique position of post-war teenagers, physically almost adult yet excluded from adult roles and responsibilities, with considerable disposable cash, and familiar from early childhood with the products of modern mass media healthy, well-fed, and energetic, yet involved in less hard physical work than many of their ancestors this privileged, new position seemed merely to throw into sharp relief for them the limitation of their existence and to give them the opportunity to respond in new ways to these conditions. Music-use became one of the main chosen instruments of their response. (Dick, 1992) Young Brits started to turn away from their parents and the British tradition, creating their own cultural expression. Inspired by the early American rock’ n’ roll, and Hollywood films, they created a series of spectacular and distinctive British subcultures such as: The Teds –working class Londoners, around 1953 with distinguishable characteristics as – quiffs, Elvis, flick-knives, crepe soles, alcohol; The Mods –working class Londoners, around 1963 Jamaican – rudeboy / Italian style, US soul, purple hearts, The Small faces, scooters, amphetamines; Youth culture was full of contradictions: they had a strong desire to express their individuality but they were wearing the same clothes as their mates and they were rebelling against the capitalism that they were already slaves to. (Milestone, 1999) Conclusion British history and all its changes and turns was massively influenced by the two World Wars, but mostly by the Second World War which was, according to Osgerby (1998) â€Å"a decisive turning point in the nation’s social, economic and political life†. At the beginning of the 1950’s Britain was still exhausted, both financially and morally after years of war and its cities were still bombsites. However, it was in the 1950’s that Britain started to rise again, entering a period of increased wealth and freedom, and many of the old traditional structures began to be challenged, particularly by the young (online resources). The essay shows how the phenomenon of youth subculture and consumerism started quite early but peaked around the 1950’s, when economic, social and cultural developments provided the perfect environment. Influenced by American culture, the British teenagers created their own world, a world of music and motorcycles, of freedom and entertainment, where nothing was more important than being stylish and cool, and having things to show it. Bibliography Chambers, Iain (1986) Popular Culture, The Metropolitan Experience, London: Routledge Osgerby, Bill (1998) Youth in Britain since 1945, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Osgerby, Bill (2004) Youth Media, Abingdon: Routledge Online resources Katie Milestone ,The Guardian, Saturday 18 December 1999 http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1999/dec/18/weekend7.weekend5 as accessed on 4th Jan 2015 Andrew Jackson, Designing Britain 1945-1985 http://www.vads.ac.uk/learning/designingbritain/html/crd_cultrev.html as accessed on the 20th Dec 2014 http://britishrock.weebly.com/1-birth-of-teenage-culture-1950s-britian.html as accessed on the 20th Dec 2014 All the photos were saved from https://images.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl

A Day of Many Events

The day I was born, April 28, 1982 was a day of love, business and learning. While the (insert surname) family is happily waiting for the love child of (name of your parents), series of events was also happening. It was a day filled with many activities and a day of expectations. In Federal Agencies, reports were made from the Education Week about the public hearings on bilingual education. This happened on the day I was born, April 28, 1982, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., in the El Fauno Room of the Condado Beach Hotel, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Education Week). Meanwhile, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration released reports involving the astronauts Robert L. Gibson and Rhea Seddon about the good news of expecting the birth of their first child. It was indeed a much anticipated moment for the couple to have a baby of their own (Lawrence). World Bank History also made one historical event on the day I was born. The IFC (International Finance Corp.) and IDA (International Development Association) Articles of Agreement were signed by Saint Lucia, a Caribbean island nation. The small country became IFC’s 122nd member and IDA’s 130th member. It was a huge leap towards developing funds for the world (World Bank). Clearly, on the day when my mother gave birth to me, there were many events that occurred in history. It was a day of hope for the education system when public hearings were conducted for the proposed Bilingual Education System. It was also a day of happiness and expectation for an astronaut couple. It was also an important day in the history of World Bank, when Saint Lucia joined IFC and IDA. Meanwhile, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, my parents were happily expecting a special gift—they were excited to see one bouncing baby who will add happiness to our family. Indeed, April 28, 1982 was a day of hope, excitement, and fulfillment for my family and for the world. Works Cited Name of your mother, Personal Interview. 2 April 2008. â€Å"This Week in World Bank History: April 28 – May 4† 2008.† The World Bank Archives. Worldbank. April 2008    â€Å"In Federal Agencies.† Education Week. Edweek. 28 April 1982. 5 April 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lawrence, John. â€Å"Expectant Astronauts.† 1981-1983 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) News. NASA. 28 April 1982. 5 April 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚